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Procedings
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e n e r g y + p r o c e e d i n g s 7 b. worldwide transportation of
energy
via electric grids; c. storage of
energy
in its multiple forms, but fore- most electrical; d. optimisation of processes and outputs of biologi- cal systems producing biomass. in many cases, the limiting technological factors for further development were the lack of suitable materi- als. whether it being the short-term development of solar
cells
, batteries,
fuel
cells
or coal-cum-biomass fired turbines, or the long-term development of ar- tificial photosynthesis and fusion
energy
, the present metals and materials involved in the processes are not capable of an effective and sustainable transfor- mation, transportation, and storage of
energy
. we need much more in-depth research and test- ing of new material compounds, and we need to use front-runner technology such as nanotechnology and biotechnology to develop new electrical and organic compounds on the basis of comprehension at an atomic scale. research funding in terms of strategic research planning, we need glo- bal investments in
energy
research and development far beyond the present levels. public spending on
energy
related research is presently very low com- pared to the global needs estimated by iea 1 . to fulfil the so-called “blue scenario”, iea predicts that the world needs to spend 1.1 trillion usd annually for the next 42 years, corresponding to approx. 1.1% of the global gdp. the united states presently spends 4 billion usd annually and eu only 1/3 of this amount on
energy
related research and development. it is, however, not just funding, but the technological challenges in reaching the overall global targets, that makes it highly unlikely that the present “on-the- shelf ” technologies are sufficient. short abstracts – conclusions and recommendations high-temperature
fuel
cells
high-temperature
fuel
cells
run on natural gas or synthetic gas that is reformed directly within the cell. when paired with cogeneration applications the solid oxide
fuel
cell (sofc) technology is capable of producing total heat and power conversion efficien- cies of more than 80%, which is above traditional coal and natural gas power plants showing a 40-50%
energy
conversion efficiency. with a surplus of renewable
energy
, high-tempera- ture
fuel
cells
may run as electrolysers transferring electrical
energy
to hydrogen gas with efficiencies above 70%. only high-temperature
fuel
cells
types (molten carbonate
fuel
cells
(mcfc) and sofc) operating at temperatures above 600°c have a sig- nificant
fuel
flexibility and can reform natural gas directly within their
cells
or operate directly on co- containing gas or even on ammonia. new cell types differ from previous cell generations in that porous ferritic steel is used as a ductile, robust cell support and the electrolyte is based on scandia doped zirconia with increased ionic conductivity for higher performance at higher temperatures. danish public-private partnerships are presently pursuing several novel methods to improve the sofc cath- ode performance involving the introduction of new cathode materials as well as the improvement of the electrode microstructure. continued development includes investigation of the stability of the colloidal impregnated nano-particles as a function of time and temperature. intelligent electric grids (smart grids) and wind a smart grid is an intelligent, auto-balancing, self- monitoring power grid which accepts any source of
fuel
(coal, sun, wind) and transforms it into a con- sumer’s end use (heat, light, hot water) with minimal human intervention. it is envisaged that a global 1...oecd/iea,.2008..
energy
.technology.perspectives.2008..scenarios.and. strategies.to.2050..executive.summary..10.p.
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