10 / 88 smart grid system will allow societies to optimize the use of renewable energy sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint. the development of a smart grid will involve ef- ficient cooperation between different control levels. the physical flow of electricity will be managed by a parallel flow of data. an automated continuous optimisation of the allocation of production and consumption will need to take place on all levels. open and transparent electricity markets will need to allow consumers to adjust both their production and consumption to spot-prices, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the
