solar-market-cells-61.html
Procedings
62 / 88
60 e n e r g y + p r o c e e d i n g s that the price of f1 st
generation
systems with a warran- ty of 25 years of operation compares with utility peak prices in sunny areas. prices on
solar
cell modules and panels have not changed significantly since 2001. page 84 of 122 the global market is dominated by mono- or poly-crystalline silicon
solar
cells
. despite the fact that poly-crystalline silicon production for both
solar
and semiconductor use rose by 30% in 2007, it remained the most capacity constrained part of the pv chain. competitiveness of thin-film
solar
cells
is quickly increasing. in 2007, thin-film technology had a global market share of 12%, but in the us, it was 44% (2006 value). manufacturing costs for thin-film
solar
cells
fall below crystalline silicon technologies and the production capacity of thin-film technologies may level with crystalline silicon
solar
cells
before 2015. 3 rd
generation
cells
are still on the research plane, though marked entry was anticipated already several years ago. the cumulative installed pv capacity for the period 1992-2006 is illustrated in figure 2. the market is concentrated around japan, the us, and europe. china, taiwan, korea, and india are emerging both as large markets and strong
solar
cell producers. the cost of
solar
power is continuously being monitored on www.
solar
buzz.com. lowest retail prices for pv modules are (september 2008) €2.90/wp for 1 st
generation
cells
and €2.36/wp for 2 nd
generation
cells
. the average cost of an installed system exceeds €5/wp. the cost of
solar
electricity in cents per kwh obviously depends on the financial pay-back time of the system including installation. it is often loosely stated that the price of f1 st
generation
systems with a warranty of 25 years of operation compares with utility peak prices in sunny areas. prices on
solar
cell modules and panels have not changed significantly since 2001. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 installed pv power (mw) row us japan eu figure 2. cumulative installed pv capacity. (source: iea-pvps trends in photovoltaic application ( 1992-2005 data). marketbuzz™ 2007, 2008 (2006-2007 data) www.
solar
buzz.com). key policy measures regulatory and incentive mechanisms are needed to grow the industry to achieve the necessary economical and productional volume allowing grid parity of the pv technology. societal benefits are energy independence, creation of high tech jobs, and the reduction of co 2 emission. the possible incentive mechanisms are: figure.2..cumulative.installed.pv.capacity..(source:.iea-pvps. trends.in.photovoltaic.application.(.1992-2005.data)..marketbuzz™. 2007,.2008.(2006-2007.data).www.
solar
buzz.com). key policy measures regulatory and incentive mechanisms are needed to grow the industry to achieve the necessary economi- cal and productional volume allowing grid parity of the pv technology. societal benefits are energy independence, creation of high tech jobs, and the reduction of co 2 emission. the possible incentive mechanisms are: a. feed-in tariff (fit): the renewable energy producer is guarantied a tariff for the produced electrical energy over an extended period – typically 20 years. b. net-metering: the renewable energy producer is paid the market tariff. a single reversible electric- ity meter is the preferred option for homeowners exporting to the grid. c. investment support: in the form of subsidies, tax facilities, or subsidized low-interest rates. the first large-scale feed-in tariff system was in- troduced by germany in 2004. the values of new contracts decrease every year with approximately 5% in order to approach pricing on market terms. spain, italy, greece and france also use fit. the typical value of fit is €0.40-0.50/kwh. net-metering has become a permanent incentive in denmark. the current value is ~€0.2/kwh. many countries grant investment support or installation subsidies, as did denmark in the sol-1000 project. technological status the major challenges for the silicon pv industry are to lower costs at all stages in the production. today’s module production costs are €2/wp and the industry target is a price below €1/wp in 2016. the costs of an installed system are shared between the module (60-70%) and bos costs, including the inverter and installation. cost reductions are required for the full value chain of the system. the quest for higher efficiency is another main focus for pv r&d. efficiencies up to 40% have been dem- onstrated using multi-junction thin film
cells
and
solar
concentrator techniques. a number of other means of improving efficiency are studied as well. the high- est confirmed power conversion efficiencies (pce) for pv technologies are reported in table 1. technology cell module comment 1 st
generation
mono c-si 24.7% 22.7% poly c-si 20.3% 15.3% mono c-gaas 25.9% 2 nd
generation
amorphous si 9.5% 8.2% cigs 19.2% 13.4% cdte 16.5% 10.7% 3 rd
generation
dye sensitized 10.4% 8.2% organic polymer 5.2% high efficiency gainp/gaas/ge 32.0% multijunction gainp/gainas/ge 40.7% multijunction, concentrator (240 suns) mono c-si 27.3% concentrator (93 suns) table.1..power.conversion.efficiencies.(pce).(green.2008).
solar-cell-figure-63.html
