solar-cells-energy-60.html
Procedings
61 / 88
e n e r g y + p r o c e e d i n g s 59 spectrum am1.5g, and 25°c.
solar
cells
are generally series connected into modules, and modules are series and parallel connected into panels. a full system con- tains one or more panels as well as balance-of-system (bos) technology like support structures, inverters, electrical wires and switches. the power output of
solar
cells
, modules and panels is rated in watt peak (wp) under stc. the electrical energy generated by a pv system depends on multiple factors. an optimally placed 1000 kwp system gener- ates 850 kwh a year in average in denmark and 1800 kwh a year in southern europe. visions, roadmaps,
market
a multitude of visions, roadmaps and initiatives sup- ports the continued evolution of pv as an inevita- ble element of the future energy supply. in europe, the european commission supported photovoltaic technology platform published their strategic research agenda (sra) for photovoltaic
solar
energy technology in 2007. the sra aims at realizing the “a vision for photovoltaic technology” published in 2005. this vision implies 200 gwp installed pv in europe by 2030 and a global electricity share of 4%. more ambitious is the “
solar
generation iv – 2007” forecast by greenpeace and the european photovoltaic industry association (epia). it targets nearly 10% of global electricity production by 2030 and 25% in 2040. in the us, the
solar
america initiative (sai) is a presidential initiative launched in 2007. the goal is to achieve grid-parity for
solar
electricity produced by photovoltaic (pv) systems across the nation by 2015. grid-parity is the point when the price of
solar
electricity is on par with that of conventional sources of electricity on the power grid. the global
market
for
solar
cells
showed a growth rate of more than 50% in 2007. it is dominated by grid-connected systems in germany and spain – see figure 1. in germany, financial incentives have boosted the
market
demand to the extent, where the installed pv capacity is ~50 wp/inhabitant compared to denmark’s ~0.5 wp/inhabitant. page 83 of 122
solar
cell energy conversion efficiency is an important descriptor for pv technologies. efficiencies are typically reported under standard test conditions (stc):
solar
irradiance of 1000 w·m -2 ,
solar
reference spectrum am1.5g, and 25 ° c.
solar
cells
are generally series connected into modules, and modules are series and parallel connected into panels. a full system contains one or more panels as well as balance- of-system (bos) technology like support structures, inverters, electrical wires and switches. the power output of
solar
cells
, modules and panels is rated in watt peak (wp) under stc. the electrical energy generated by a pv system depends on multiple factors. an optimally placed 1000 kwp system generates 850 kwh a year in average in denmark and 1800 kwh a year in southern europe. visions, roadmaps,
market
a multitude of visions, roadmaps and initiatives supports the continued evolution of pv as an inevitable element of the future energy supply. in europe, the european commission supported photovoltaic technology platform published their strategic research agenda (sra) for photovoltaic
solar
energy technology in 2007. the sra aims at realizing the “a vision for photovoltaic technology” published in 2005. this vision implies 200 gwp installed pv in europe by 2030 and a global electricity share of 4%. more ambitious is the “
solar
generation iv – 2007” forecast by greenpeace and the european photovoltaic industry association (epia). it targets nearly 10% of global electricity production by 2030 and 25% in 2040. in the us, the
solar
america initiative (sai) is a presidential initiative launched in 2007. the goal is to achieve grid-parity for
solar
electricity produced by photovoltaic (pv) systems across the nation by 2015. grid-parity is the point when the price of
solar
electricity is on par with that of conventional sources of electricity on the power grid. the global
market
for
solar
cells
showed a growth rate of more than 50% in 2007. it is dominated by grid-connected systems in germany and spain – see figure 1. in germany, financial incentives have boosted the
market
demand to the extent, where the installed pv capacity is ~50 wp/inhabitant compared to denmark’s ~0.5 wp/inhabitant. global pv
market
2007 germany 47% spain 23% japan 8% usa 8% roe 6% row 8% figure 1. the global pv
market
corresponded to 2826 mw installed capacity in 2007. the spanish
market
increased by 480% from 2006. (source:
market
buzz™ 2008). figure.1..the.global.pv.
market
.corresponded.to.2826.mw.installed. capacity.in.2007..the.spanish.
market
.increased.by.480%.from. 2006..(source:.
market
buzz™.2008). the global
market
is dominated by mono- or poly- crystalline silicon
solar
cells
. despite the fact that poly-crystalline silicon production for both
solar
and semiconductor use rose by 30% in 2007, it remained the most capacity constrained part of the pv chain. competitiveness of thin-film
solar
cells
is quickly increasing. in 2007, thin-film technology had a glo- bal
market
share of 12%, but in the us, it was 44% (2006 value). manufacturing costs for thin-film
solar
cells
fall below crystalline silicon technologies and the production capacity of thin-film technologies may level with crystalline silicon
solar
cells
before 2015. 3 rd generation
cells
are still on the research plane, though marked entry was anticipated already several years ago. the cumulative installed pv capacity for the pe- riod 1992-2006 is illustrated in figure 2. the
market
is concentrated around japan, the us, and europe. china, taiwan, korea, and india are emerging both as large
market
s and strong
solar
cell producers. the cost of
solar
power is continuously being moni- tored on www.
solar
buzz.com. lowest retail prices for pv modules are (september 2008) €2.90/wp for 1 st generation
cells
and €2.36/wp for 2 nd generation
cells
. the average cost of an installed system exceeds €5/ wp. the cost of
solar
electricity in cents per kwh ob- viously depends on the financial pay-back time of the system including installation. it is often loosely stated
solar-generation-cells-62.html
